糧食安全的主要問題是過度生產和超額儲備
中國是人多地少、shuiziyuanduanquedeguojia。zaizhezhongqingkuangxia,chixushengchanchaoyueguoneishichangxuqiudeliangshichanpinbingjiangqichucunqilai,xingchengyuelaiyueduodechaoechubei,zhezaijingjixueyiyishangshidianxingdeguodushengchanheguoduchubei。ruqiansuoshu,woguodeliangshichubeilvyijingchaoguo80%,繼續增產糧食,儲備率還將繼續上升。這種過度生產和過度儲備會帶來以下諸多問題。
yishidaozhicaizhengduotoutouruquanchengbutie,fudanyuelaiyuezhong。duonianlai,weilebaochiliangshiliannianzengchan,zaishengchanhuanjie,guojiatourudaliangzijinqianghuanongyejichusheshijianshe,buduanzengjiaduiliangnongdebutie,yigulihezhichinongminshengchanliangshi。zailiutonghuanjie,dangliangshiliannianzengchanchuxian“賣難”後,國家又以高價收購農民的糧食;suizheshougouliangyuelaiyueduo,zaicangrongbaomanqingkuangxia,youbeipotourujuzixinjianhuogaijiandaliangcangchusheshi。tongshi,weileweihuzhexiechaochushichangxuqiudeliangshi,caizhenghaidezhichuliangbishuejudadezijin,yibibutieliangshicunchu,lingyibizhichicunchuqiyedingqidaoshichangshanglunhuankucunliangshi。2014年國家對農民的種糧直接補貼、良種補貼、農機具購置補貼和農業生產資料價格綜合補貼四項合計約1700億元,當年用於糧食最低收購和臨時收儲的資金達到3555.7億元,還有新建1000億斤糧食倉儲設施的投入。另外,為維護好這些儲備糧,目前還需要約500yiyuanzuoyoudebaoguanfeiyong。kejian,woguoliangshicongshengchandaoliutongshiquanchengbutiede,guojiacaizhengzhishaozhichulewubijuezijin。ruguowomenshengchandeliangshidoushibiyaode,chubeideliangshishibixude,caizhengzijinzhichuxiangmuzaiduoyeshiyinggaide。wentishichangqishengchanchaochushichangxuyaodeliangshi,zhinengzuoweichucunchendianqilai,bingweicizhichujuezijin,qishishiduigonggongziyuandelangfei。
二是過度耗費土地和水資源,加大了生態環境壓力。我國本來就是土地、水資源極度稀缺的國家,要保持糧食連年增產,勢必加大對土地、水資源的利用強度。農民為了增加產量,不惜超量使用化肥、農藥,嚴重超采地下水資源。有數據顯示,我國每畝化肥施用量是發達國家的3倍左右,而利用率隻有30%左右,比發達國家低20多個百分點。由於農藥使用不當,有1.4億畝耕地遭受農藥汙染,目前我國耕地汙染超標麵積高達3.5億畝,汙染率為19.4%。
三(san)是(shi)過(guo)度(du)生(sheng)產(chan)帶(dai)來(lai)了(le)生(sheng)產(chan)成(cheng)本(ben)的(de)大(da)幅(fu)度(du)增(zeng)加(jia)。農(nong)民(min)為(wei)了(le)增(zeng)加(jia)糧(liang)食(shi)產(chan)量(liang),在(zai)有(you)限(xian)的(de)土(tu)地(di)空(kong)間(jian)上(shang),不(bu)斷(duan)加(jia)大(da)資(zi)源(yuan)利(li)用(yong)強(qiang)度(du),追(zhui)加(jia)物(wu)質(zhi)和(he)勞(lao)動(dong)投(tou)入(ru),最(zui)終(zhong)導(dao)致(zhi)生(sheng)產(chan)成(cheng)本(ben)增(zeng)加(jia)快(kuai)於(yu)單(dan)位(wei)麵(mian)積(ji)產(chan)量(liang)的(de)提(ti)高(gao)。表(biao)6是2004年到2014年我國穀物生產成本收益變化情況。過去10年間,我國小麥、稻穀、玉米三種糧食每畝生產成本由395.5元提高到1068.57元,名義增長率為170.2%,其中物質成本增長率為108.8%;而同期三種糧食畝均產量隻增長了16.34%,畝收益率由33.2%下降到10.46%。
四是扭曲了市場供求關係,市場價格信號基本失靈。按道理,nongyejichusheshitourudebuduanzengjia,tigaoleliangshidechanchunengli,zengjianongyebutieyetigaolenongminzhongliangjijixing,zaicizhengcejilixialiangshishengchanbiranhuizengjia,shichanggonggeiliangyehuisuizhizengchang,youcishichangjiagebiranhuisuizheshichanggonggeiliangzengchangerxiajiang。danshi,guoqu11nianli,woguoshiliangshiyuezengchan,liangjiayueshangzhang,shichangmeiyoufanyingchuliangshigonggeizaibuduanzengjiadexinhao。yuanyinhenjiandan,womenlianxuduonianchixubuduantigaoliangshizuidishougoujiahelinshishouchujiage,shizengchandedabufenliangshicongnongminshouzhongshougouhoutuichushichang,zengchandeliangshijinbiaoxianweikucunzengjia。daociweizhi,woguodeliangshishichanggongqiuguanxibeiniuqule,shichangpeizhiziyuandejuedingxingzuoyongbeiganyudiaole,yizuidishougoujiahelinshishouchujiageweidaibiaode“政策價”替代了正常的市場價格,在年複一年不斷地引導和左右著糧食生產。
總之,糧食連年增產確實保證了我國的糧食安全,但在新的形勢下,國家卻麵臨著“收不起、儲不起、補不起”的困境。筆者以為,這是新常態下一種新的糧食不安全。(來源:中國經濟網)



