小麥硬度是重要指標
小麥籽粒質地的軟、硬ying是shi評ping價jia小xiao麥mai加jia工gong品pin質zhi和he食shi用yong品pin質zhi的de一yi項xiang重zhong要yao指zhi標biao，並bing與yu小xiao麥mai育yu種zhong和he貿mao易yi價jia格ge等deng多duo方fang麵mian密mi切qie相xiang關guan。硬ying度du是shi國guo內nei外wai小xiao麥mai市shi場chang分fen類lei和he定ding價jia的de重zhong要yao依yi據ju之zhi一yi，也ye是shi各ge國guo的de育yu種zhong家jia重zhong要yao的de育yu種zhong目mu標biao之zhi一yi。
小麥硬度被定義為破碎籽粒時所受到的阻力，即破碎籽粒時所需要的力。小麥胚乳的質地和外觀（透明度）是shi兩liang個ge不bu同tong的de概gai念nian。硬ying度du是shi由you胚pei乳ru細xi胞bao中zhong蛋dan白bai質zhi基ji質zhi和he澱dian粉fen之zhi間jian的de結jie合he強qiang度du決jue定ding的de，這zhe種zhong結jie合he強qiang度du受shou遺yi傳chuan控kong製zhi。在zai硬ying麥mai中zhong，細xi胞bao內nei含han物wu之zhi間jian結jie合he緊jin密mi。軟ruan質zhi小xiao麥mai的de胚pei乳ru細xi胞bao內nei含han物wu澱dian粉fen和he蛋dan白bai質zhi在zai外wai表biao上shang與yu硬ying麥mai是shi相xiang似si的de，但dan是shi，蛋dan白bai質zhi與yu澱dian粉fen之zhi間jian的de結jie合he很hen容rong易yi破po裂lie，軟ruan質zhi小xiao麥mai的de澱dian粉fen粒li表biao麵mian粘zhan附fu有you較jiao多duo的de分fen子zi量liang為wei15K道(dao)爾(er)頓(dun)的(de)蛋(dan)白(bai)質(zhi)，而(er)硬(ying)質(zhi)小(xiao)麥(mai)的(de)澱(dian)粉(fen)粒(li)表(biao)麵(mian)該(gai)蛋(dan)白(bai)質(zhi)含(han)量(liang)少(shao)或(huo)沒(mei)有(you)，澱(dian)粉(fen)粒(li)蛋(dan)白(bai)的(de)存(cun)在(zai)，在(zai)物(wu)理(li)上(shang)削(xue)弱(ruo)了(le)蛋(dan)白(bai)質(zhi)與(yu)澱(dian)粉(fen)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)結(jie)合(he)強(qiang)度(du)，有(you)關(guan)小(xiao)麥(mai)硬(ying)度(du)的(de)這(zhe)一(yi)假(jia)設(she)是(shi)目(mu)前(qian)穀(gu)物(wu)化(hua)學(xue)界(jie)較(jiao)為(wei)接(jie)受(shou)的(de)理(li)論(lun)解(jie)釋(shi)。小(xiao)麥(mai)胚(pei)乳(ru)的(de)外(wai)觀(guan)（透明度）受小麥栽培、生(sheng)長(chang)和(he)幹(gan)燥(zao)條(tiao)件(jian)等(deng)外(wai)界(jie)因(yin)素(su)的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)，不(bu)具(ju)有(you)遺(yi)傳(chuan)性(xing)。籽(zi)粒(li)中(zhong)有(you)空(kong)氣(qi)間(jian)隙(xi)時(shi)，由(you)於(yu)衍(yan)射(she)和(he)漫(man)射(she)光(guang)線(xian)，從(cong)而(er)使(shi)得(de)籽(zi)粒(li)呈(cheng)現(xian)不(bu)透(tou)明(ming)或(huo)粉(fen)質(zhi)。籽(zi)粒(li)充(chong)填(tian)緊(jin)密(mi)時(shi)，沒(mei)有(you)空(kong)氣(qi)間(jian)隙(xi)，光(guang)線(xian)在(zai)空(kong)氣(qi)和(he)麥(mai)粒(li)界(jie)麵(mian)衍(yan)射(she)並(bing)穿(chuan)過(guo)麥(mai)粒(li)就(jiu)形(xing)成(cheng)半(ban)透(tou)明(ming)玻(bo)璃(li)質(zhi)。籽(zi)粒(li)中(zhong)的(de)空(kong)氣(qi)間(jian)隙(xi)是(shi)由(you)於(yu)在(zai)田(tian)間(jian)幹(gan)燥(zao)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)蛋(dan)白(bai)質(zhi)皺(zhou)縮(suo)、破(po)裂(lie)而(er)造(zao)成(cheng)的(de)。穀(gu)物(wu)幹(gan)燥(zao)失(shi)水(shui)時(shi)，玻(bo)璃(li)質(zhi)籽(zi)粒(li)蛋(dan)白(bai)質(zhi)皺(zhou)縮(suo)時(shi)仍(reng)保(bao)持(chi)完(wan)整(zheng)而(er)形(xing)成(cheng)密(mi)實(shi)度(du)較(jiao)大(da)籽(zi)粒(li)，故(gu)較(jiao)透(tou)明(ming)。一(yi)般(ban)來(lai)講(jiang)，高(gao)蛋(dan)白(bai)的(de)硬(ying)質(zhi)小(xiao)麥(mai)往(wang)往(wang)是(shi)玻(bo)璃(li)質(zhi)的(de)，低(di)蛋(dan)白(bai)的(de)軟(ruan)質(zhi)小(xiao)麥(mai)往(wang)往(wang)是(shi)不(bu)透(tou)明(ming)的(de)。透(tou)明(ming)度(du)和(he)硬(ying)度(du)不(bu)是(shi)同(tong)一(yi)根(gen)本(ben)因(yin)素(su)造(zao)成(cheng)的(de)，兩(liang)者(zhe)並(bing)不(bu)總(zong)是(shi)相(xiang)關(guan)聯(lian)。有(you)時(shi)，完(wan)全(quan)可(ke)能(neng)硬(ying)質(zhi)小(xiao)麥(mai)不(bu)透(tou)明(ming)而(er)軟(ruan)質(zhi)小(xiao)麥(mai)卻(que)是(shi)角(jiao)質(zhi)的(de)。，將(jiang)全(quan)為(wei)角(jiao)質(zhi)粒(li)的(de)小(xiao)麥(mai)濕(shi)潤(run)，然(ran)後(hou)快(kuai)速(su)幹(gan)燥(zao)，則(ze)該(gai)小(xiao)麥(mai)變(bian)為(wei)粉(fen)質(zhi)粒(li)特(te)征(zheng)，而(er)試(shi)驗(yan)前(qian)後(hou)小(xiao)麥(mai)硬(ying)度(du)基(ji)本(ben)不(bu)變(bian)。
小麥的製粉品質與籽粒硬度密切相關。小麥硬度的變化可使小麥製粉流程中各係統的在製品數量和質量、各設備工作效率、麵粉出率和麵粉質量、加工動力消耗等產生很大變化。硬質麥胚乳中澱粉粒與蛋白質基質密結，硬質小麥胚乳粒（渣）在心磨係統中較困難被研細而達到粒度要求，研磨耗能較多，但其胚乳易與麩皮分離，出粉率高，小麥麩星少、色澤好、灰分低，而且壓碎時大多沿著胚乳細胞壁的方向破裂而不是通過細胞內含物，形成顆粒較大、形狀較規整的粗粉，流動性好，便於篩理；ruanzhimaizexiangfan，xiaomaifenkelixiaoerbuguize，biaomiancucao，lidufenbuxiaoqieyoujiaoduodexiaolicunzai，ruanmaifenjiqizhifenzhongjianwuliaojiaoweipengsong，mishiduxiao，liudongxingcha，rongyizaochengfenludusai，shailixiaolvyejiaocha，zonghebiaoxianweijiagongruanmaishizongchufenlvxiajiang，chanliangjiangdi，zongdonghaozengjia，caozuoguanlinanduzengda。xiaomaizhifenliuchenghexiangyingdeshebeijishucanshutongchangshigenjudaijiagongdeyuanliaoxiaomaiyingdufanweiquedingde，quedingdezhifengongyiliuchengduiyuanliaoxiaomaideyingdubianhuashiyingfanweiyouhendajuxianxing。yinci，yuxiancedingyuanliaoxiaomaideyingdu，duiyujishitiaozhengzhifengongyiliuchenghexiangyingdejishucanshu，quedingpeimaifangan、保持流程的物料平衡和生產穩定、提高生產效率等，都具有重要的技術指導意義。
小麥硬度的測定方法有角質率法、壓力法、研磨法、近紅外法等。
